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Informtica N 846>P>Resumo Bug Diviso do processador Intel Pentium Ataques DDos  Distributed Denial of Service  Bug Diviso do Pentium$ V "Redefining the PC -- and Mathematics As Well..." "Intel Inside?Don't Divide!" VW     Origem do bug Dr. Thomas R. Nicely, Professor de Matemtica no Lynchburg College, Virginia Projecto de investigao na rea de matemtica pura  Teoria dos nmeros computacional Maior parte dos computadores eram 486's, no entanto 1 Pentium foi adicionado em Maro de 1994.b   Origem do bug ,Em 13 Junho 1994 Dr. Nicely reparou numa discrepncia nos seus resultados. Um estudo intensivo isolou o problema aos nmeros primos 824633702441 e 824633702443 Em 24 de Outubro, contactou a Intel reportando o bug Intel sabia do bug meses antes e j tinha comeado a produzir chips novos corrigidos.-Z->DDiviso abstractahq - quociente D - Divisor R[j]  Resto da ensima iterao. (R[0] o dividendo.) q +--------- D| R[j] -qD --------- Rnew[j] <-- Rnew[j] = (R[j] - qD) ======== R[j+1] = base * Rnew[j] (base = 10 decimal, 4 para radix 4)5P5t 3!Formula iterativa aR[j+1] = base * (R[j] - q[j]*D) Frmula iterativa para base 4: R[j+1] = 4 * (R[j] - q[j]*D) >! b Algoritmo de diviso SRTE1-Escolha dos digitos significativos do divisor e dividendo 2-Usar essas escolhas como ndices numa tabela de lookup que apresenta uma escolha dos proximos digitos de quociente. (neste caso os proximos quocientes podem ser -2, -1, 0, +1, +2). 3-Multiplicar o divisor pelo quociente escolhido e subtrair lo pelo dividendo. (ou adio caso o escolha de quociente seja negativa) 4-Guardar os digitos de quociente nos digitos menos significativos do registo do quociente. The Pentium division Flaw, David W. Deley, 1995. http://members.cox.net/srice1/pentbug/introduction.html jPkPlP j            ,          '                     +                   Algoritmo de diviso SRT5-Trasladar o resto da diviso por 2 casa decimais e os registos de quociente tambem por 2. (i.e. radix 4) 6-Escolher os digitos mais significativos do novo resto parcial 7-Ir para 2 a nao ser que tenham sido gerados os digitos significativos suficientes. 8-Gerar o quociente binrio juntando os valores no registo de quociente. 9-Se o ultimo resto parcial foi negativo entao ajustar o quociente subtraindo o valor. $PP              '        >    &       )      PENTIUM LOOKUP TABLE ZGrfico Resto parcial vs. Divisor. As divises no eixo vertical esto separadas por 0.001 representando os valores de R[j]. As divises no eixo horizontal esto separadas por 0.0001 representando os valores do divisor. As 5 clulas marcadas deveriam especificar um digito de quociente de +2 mas apresentam um digito de quociente de 0 Seleccionando o dgito de quociente 0 quando R[j] est neste eixo inaceitvel  o valor de digito demasiado baixo Quaisquer que sejam os dgitos seguintes o quociente total ser sempre inferior que a resposta correcta..Z.  Exemplo do bug I5506153/294911 Correcto: 18.67055823621364 Pentium: 18.66990719233938   Frequncia do erroTProbabilidade de erro: 1.14 x 10^-10. (fonte: Intel white paper) Um paper de Edelman s, refere que as entradas errneas no so facilmete alcanveis uma vez que existe um padro no aleatrio que uma pr-condio de acesso a uma dessas entradas. A tabela em si pequena (+- 1500 entradas), das quais 5 entradas esto erradas. Uma estimativa crua seria de 5/1800, que muito maior que a verdadeira probabilidade de erro. 48 " dZZT      !       C                                      InvestigaoVerificao Formal Abordagem muito diferente de  teste de software Prova de certificao de cdigo (ou pseudo-cdigo) A prova institui que o programa satisfaz a relao input/output para todas as entradas. t                                 Custo do bug A Intel decidiu substituir todos os processadores de graa caso a substituio tenha sido pedida pelo cliente. As empresas precisam de tratar da reconfigurao: Substituio dos Pentiums poderia custar s empresas uma mdia de 289 por sistema, incluindo trabalho administrativo e tempos de perda 600 PCs, custariam uma empresa mais de 200.000..,v,Negao de servio0Denial of Service Distributed Denial of Servicel Ataques negao servio (DOS)NDesabilitaram os servios da Yahoo, Amazon, eBay, CNN.com, Buy.com, ZDNet, E*Trade, e Excite.com por algumas horas. Os ataques foram activados de uma grande variedade de  zombies intermedirios que foram comprometidos. Os ataques efectuados no necessitaram de intruso nos alvos a comprometer.~  Negao de ServioNegao de Servio (DoS) um ataque que permite que uma pessoa deixe um sistema inutilizvel ou consideravelmente lento para os utilizadores legtimos atravs do consumo de seus recursos, de maneira que ningum consegue utiliz-los.jJDDos  Negao de servio distribuda&& "NA Negao de servio distribuda (DDoS) utiliza o conceito de computao distribuda para efectuar os ataques. O atacante invade e apropria-se de diversos computadores para executar o ataque a partir de diferentes origens simultaneamente. Trinoo, Tribal Flood Network TFN, TFN2K, Stacheldraht,& .(("3   JDDos  Negao de servio distribuda&& "\A topologia de uma rede DDoS dividida em quatro partes. Os sistemas comprometidos so divididos em mestres e agentes. Os agentes geram o trfego que ir resultar na negao de servio, estes agentes so controlados por um ou mais mestres. A utilizao de duas camadas (mestres e agentes) entre o atacante e a vtima dificulta a analise forense.]Z]2@ Topologia PrevenoAs negaes de servios podem causar grandes prejuzos, esforo, e grandes perdas de tempo. Deve se considerar a proteco relevante de encontro a estes ataques. Isto pode incluir: estabelecer a poltica apropriada de segurana construir a topologia da rede de tal maneira que limita a eliminao de servidores mtuos. implementao de filtros nos routers, firewalling, instalando as proteces de encontro aos ataques flooding do tcp syn. @Pe 3  PrevenoFazer o patching do s.o. e dos servios, logo aps a descoberta da vulnerabilidade - isto inclui a monitorizao regular de vulnerabilidades uso de sistemas da deteco de intruses (IDS) a fim de ser informado imediatamente sobre alguma actividade suspeita (Custo da falha<O crime informtico mais  caro nos Estados Unidos em 2003 Os ataques resultaram em perdas de $ 1 bilio de dollars nos dias dos ataques. Perdas em vendas e publicidade na ordem dos $200 milhes de dollars $200 milhes de dollars foram gastos em upgrades infra-estrutura de segurana. ZPlT  Bibliografia DDOS Outages Cost $1.2 Billion , Dave Murphy ISSN 1535-3613 Packetstorm, http://packetstorm.securify.com/distributed/ "Strategies for Defeating Distributed Attacks" Simple Nomad, http://www.bindview.com/Support/Razor/Papers/. "Purgatory 101: Learning to cope with the SYNs of the Internet" NightAxis http://packetstorm.securify.com/papers/contest/RFP.doc find_ddos, http://www.fbi.gov/nipc/trinoo.htm zombie_zapper, http://www.bindview.com/Support/RAZOR/Utilities/Windows/ RFC 2267, "Network Ingress Filtering: Defeating Denial of Service Attacks", http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2267.html catless.ncl.ac.uk/Risks/20.79.html#subj1 Inside Risks 118, CACM 43, 4, April 2000, by P.G.Neumamm  The Mathematics of the Pentium Flaw , Alan Edelman, http://www-math.mit.edu/%7Eedelman/  Statistical Analysis of Floating Point Flaw in the Pentium(TM) Processor , Intel (1994) :PPPf4                  #   !0#.!0  !0 c ` 3fffff3̙3f̙` ̙3f` ff3f` f33f3f` 3ffƍ` fff3` f33̙` 3f|>?" dZ@$?lKd@   l@  P`lA n?" dd@   @@``PT   @ ` `p>> l d  t (  t.T  t "\\  t "h t s *" t  $0e0e BCDELF>5%8c8c     ?1d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'p@A)BCD|E?|b4"%>Ul @   `c"$  f\  t "n" t 0G"r tB T??"  t <GH "`  \(Clique para editar o estilo do ttulo ) )F  t 6l "  nClique para editar os estilos de texto do modelo global Segundo nvel Terceiro nvel Quarto nvel Quinto nvel8   o  t  `x ??"`>   ^*   t  ` ??"`@a   ^*   t  ` ??"\5  b* B t s *޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.X{ DModelo de apresentao predefinido8     @ x> (  xT p x "p x 6Ȫ"@  J 0 " x BG0* "pp  J 0 rZ    x# "  n" xB 0G" R r x T??"L   x <b "4 `   r>Faa clique para editar o estilo do subttulo do modelo global? ?  x  `e ??"`>   b*   x  `@k ??"`@a   ^*   x  `h{ ??"`0  b* "  x  ftpG0* ??"p   \(Clique para editar o estilo do ttulo ) )B x s *޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.X{  0(    c $xy xp <$0    c $Xzx@  <$0  H  0޽h ? 33&___PPT10..Xt+d"EXDV' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DH' =%(%(D' =%(D8' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*D8' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*+p+0+ ++0+ +}  `$(  r"  S  t`   r  S  t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.Xi+D=' = @B +}  p$(  r"  S 8 t`   r  S l9 t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.Xv+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S  t`   r  S L t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.Xf+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S  t`   r  S  t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.2Y+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S . t`   r  S |/ t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.XK++D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S = t`   r  S `> t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X:+D=' = @B +  :(  r"  S ! t`     S  t  "P@08XH  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.XwK+D=' = @B +   F(   x"   c $# t`      c $@ t  "P@08XH   0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.XwK+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S \Z t`   r  S [ t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X{9+D=' = @B + NFP(     fAp ? t6 H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.XS}  $(  r"  S x t`   r  S y t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.XB+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S f t`   r  S g t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X b+D=' = @B +}  $(  r"  S T t`   r  S  t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X +D=' = @B +}   $$(  $r" $ S _ t`   r $ S A t  H $ 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.5Yฏ+D=' = @B +$  0$(  r"  S  t`   r  S  t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙80___PPT10.1YbQ}   $(  r"  S p t`   r  S  t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.XXf+D=' = @B +}  @$(  r"  S  t`   r  S \ t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X@+D=' = @B +}  P$(  r"  S S t`   r  S 诺 t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X+D=' = @B +}  `$(  r"  S й t`   r  S x t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X +D=' = @B +  pN(  r"  S  t`     \A  ttopologia H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X"+D=' = @B +  0(  x"  c $Ⱥ t`   x  c $tɺ t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X0j!+D=' = @B +  0(  x"  c $|Һ t`   x  c $$Ӻ t  H  0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.X0j!+D=' = @B +}  ($(  (r" ( S ֺ t`   r ( S p׺ t  H ( 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.5Y|$+D=' = @B +}  ,$(  ,r" , S  t`   r , S  t  H , 0޽h ? 3fffff3̙3f̙___PPT10i.Y+D=' = @B +rVU4ftp z|(jՒZߗ`) ثi`Ëd tOh+'0 hp  Diapositivo 1on0lanit Capsulesvo  Paula Prata11lMicrosoft PowerPointP@HN*@xX@PZ]G g  X& &&#TNPP<2OMi & TNPP &&TNPP    --- !---&h̙--- !---}w@, wƬw0- &Hhj2--X$*hijptyeYPJIHIJPYet(.0000.+(<KW`fhhhf`WK<y+pjih--& &&}}#&}e%-3f-$ccc#c#}#}#}}--&&b%-3f-$ puy| }|yu"p#b#b--&&&& &_& &Gg3& @"Arialw@y wƬw0- 3f..2 Falhas em sistemas de uso   +  +  . 3f.2 comum ++ .---- 3f@"Arialw@ wƬw0- ff.02 Nuno Miguel Ceclio Sampaio       . ff.-2 Mestrado Eng. 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